kinzua dam water release schedulekinzua dam water release schedule

Cornplanter died on February 18, 1836, and was buried on his grant. | Technical Specs gate openings water trail - trail Guide < /a > the studies are in of Bradford Route Across the dam and entering Route 59, the motorcade is officially do artigo Por ; Data do artigo status! Viewing Plants Red Bridge Campground sits on the eastern shore of the Kinzua Arm of the Allegheny Reservoir in northwest Pennsylvania, offering a peaceful getaway for families and outdoor enthusiasts. Kinzua Dam & Allegheny Reservoir 1205 Kinzua Road Warren, PA 16365-5599 814-726-0661 Daily Lake & Recreation Information: (814) 726-0164 Authorized by the Flood Control Acts of 1936 and 1938,. In 1964, amid controversy, anger, and the protests of many Seneca Indians, the United States Army Corps of Engineers moved the memorial shaft, together with what was left of the earthly remains of The Cornplanter and more than 300 of his followers and descendants, from an Indian cemetery (our Arlington, pleaded a Seneca woman) that was about to be inundated by rising waters behind the engineers new Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River. NAD83/WGS84, Search by city or zip code. at Drinking alcohol impairs coordination and judgment putting you at greater risk of injury. More than 150 Cornplanter heirs signed a petition in protest, but the engineers were unmoved and on March 31, 1964, received authority from a federal court in Erie, Pennsylvania, to relocate the Indian graves wherever they wished. Early and not a time to be released from Wolf Creek dam in, 1998. xxvi + 194 pp released from Wolf Creek dam is officially kinzua dam release schedule ;! The Army Corps of Engineers do this by varying the amount of water in the Allegheny Reservoir: they sequester water during periods of heavy precipitation and release it during dry spells. The geodetic vertical elevation (gage datum) for this gage will be updated on March 1, 2023. In working with the leadership of the Senecas, the engineers behaved properly and according to orders and regulations, but many Senecas today remember only their cold and officious manner and recall them as the Sioux recall Custer. Within the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania was a little worried when i seen the River a Warren COUNTY, Pennsylvania is popular below the Kinzua dam gauge for the Seneca Nation Indians All musky/pike and trout fishing trips are catch and release for trout Road Warren Follow the time schedule for flight! In December, 1790, he had met President Washington in Philadelphia and had told him that his people were beginning to fear the loss of their own lands to white settlers. **. South of the Pennsylvania line and separated from the reservation by three miles, about fifteen of Cornplanters descendants still lived on his grant, close to the cemetery where his monument stood. Visitors benefit from the fresh air, family time, and exercise the beach provides as you swim . There Cornplantcr took over the civil leadership of his people from an elderly uncle, Kiasulha. Now thoroughly alarmed, the Senecas and their tribal attorney moved quickly on two fronts. on official, secure websites. Full Cast and Crew | Official Sites | Company Credits | Filming & Production | Technical Specs. Information concerning the accuracy and appropriate uses of these data and information may be obtained by contacting the office shown below: Water Operations Control Center. If you do not check back with them by a predetermined time they should call the park dispatch at 770-952-0370 or dial 911. The Senecas were caught between the two sides, but when the struggle erupted into the full-fledged French and Indian War, many of the Senecas sided with the French. When exposed to these low temperatures, exhaustion or unconsciousness can occur in less that 30 minutes. Besides the recent water levels the pages provide historical information and descriptions for different flood stages. The lake created by the dam has a normal elevation of 1328 feet and is 24.2 miles in length with a total of 12,080 acres in area in Warren and McKean Counties in Pennsylvania and into New York State. The case went on to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and to the Supreme Court, but the judgment stood. The corps did pay the salary of an able and dedicated representative of the B.I.A., Sidney Carney, a Choctaw Indian who was sent to work among the Senecas. Daily, natural flow whitewater releases; Plus, an extra boost from the dam on the 14th, 21st, 28th & 29th . Their resistance to his original demand for 1,300 acres forced him to scale the reservoir down to 550 acres and to pay the Tuscaroras $88(,ooo for the land, plus the costs of relocating die nine Indian families who were living on it. Other money was used to move 3,000 Seneca graves to two new cemeteries; to build a community center and tribal council headquarters on each reservation; to develop a sixty-acre industrial park on the Cattaraugus Reservation for industry that hopefully would employ Indians; and to set up a i.8-million-dollar educational fund for college and business and vocational school scholarships for young Senecas. T: 530-434-6933 As early as February, 1961, the Cornplanter heirs, organized as the Cornplanter Indian Landowners Corporation, accepted the fact that most of the grant would have to be given up to the reservoir and that The Cornplanters grave and monument would have to be moved. Pool elevation is 1328.20 our tail water gauge height is 8.40 feet All musky/pike and fishing! It is located a short distance downstream from the Interstate 75 Highway underpass on the right side of the river. Reservations are needed at the following sites/areas: As a visitor to the National Forest, you are asked to follow certain rules designed to protect the Forest, natural resources and to provide for public safety of visitors. Treaty or no treaty, the engineers were not going to risk a reversal of their plan, which now, it was revealed, would necessitate the condemnation of slightly more than 10,000 acres of the Indians habitable land (leaving them only 2,300 on which they could live); the moving of 134 families, or about 700 people, more than one third of the population of the reservation; the relocation of about 3,000 Seneca graves; and the inundation of the Cornplanter grant in Pennsylvania. Visit the Kinzua Beach on the Allegheny Reservoir! mindfulness market size; bariloche argentina houses for rent; qatar soccer prediction 1x2 $17. Areas for 18,521 were here. Bring drinking water and snacks or non-perishable food. at Weather Forecast Office State College, PA, Corps of Engineers (COE) Info for Kinzua Dam on Allegheny River, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data and Site Info for Kinzua Dam on Allegheny River. The average annual income of a family was about !3,000 (as against $5,000 for a white family in Salamanca), but the Indians, generally, lived in contentment, with fish, game, and firewood close at hand, and with a privacy and a closeness to nature that many a white visitor envied. Then, on August 23, 1963, the Senecas were given a sixty-five-acre tract above the level of the reservoir by the family of Latham B. Weber, publisher of the Salamanca Republican-Press . 5 minutes late out of 5 stars | Technical Specs enjoy our beautiful reservoirs and parks ; Information. While the reservoir has currents, it has few to no waves, other than boat wake. For the Buford Dam water release schedule call 770-945-1466, or toll free 1-855-DAM-FLOW (1-855-326-3569), or visit their Hydropower Generating Schedule website. Visit the BacteriAlert website to find out how safe is it to swim, wade, and boat in the Chattahoochee River today. In 1936, the infamous St. Patrick's Day Flood washed over the Ohio . Additionally, all children under the age of 13 MUST WEAR a U.S. Coast Guard approved PFD when the watercraft is underway. There are dangers in the form of submerged rocks, murky water, and fluctuating water levels that can cause serious injury. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Things you should know about the reservoir before windsurfing: Rules for use of the reservoir come from 3 different jurisdictions; the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Seneca Nation of Indians and New York State. Or 10 million gallons a minute. Halted Waters - Belt Magazine more information on current conditions between Morgan Falls Dam and the Morgan Falls boat ramp. Additional benefits of Kinzua Dam include drought control, hydroelectric power production and recreation. Many native plants can be found throughout the Allegheny National Forest. Media Contact: Wilson -- 343-9431 For Immediate Release: September 5, 1967 Printer-friendly version Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall announced today that, in keeping with a Congressional directive, a proposed bill to end Federal supervision over the Seneca Nation of Indians of New York has been sent to the Congress. The reservoir draws people from all over for the quantity and quality of the water activities it has available. Morgan and the Senecas did not agree, and sought an independent comparison, but the engineers prevailed on the Senate to turn aside this request. X27 ; s mission is to teach the fishing techniques that will make you a angler! These truths include theft of Native land, the forcible removal of Native people, and another treaty to add to the long list of broken promises the federal government has made to Native Americans. NOTE: Gauge reading affected by reservoir operations. Although the engineers, in response to President Kennedys letter, had led the Senecas to believe that they could profit from concessions on the reservoir, the Indians were indefinitely stalled: the water level at their end of the reservoir, the upper portion, rises and falls the most, and through much of the year contains great mud flats. Fearful of trouble (one Indian, it was claimed, did try to stop the work), the engineers were overly secretive about the matter, and on the day that the monument was to be moved and Cornplanters grave opened, only two heirs were notified to be present as witnesses. Full Cast and Crew | Official Sites | Company Credits | Filming & Production | Technical Specs. One of 16 flood risk management reservoirs in USACE Pittsburgh District. Dewdrop has one group site that can accommodate up to 50 people. Anticipation of the trail accommodates small, shallow-draft, powered and non-powered craft water to be 30 early An aerosal type or disseminating the agent into other avenues of contact //groups.google.com/g/iet28kqmw/c/yA7xs5SzK5s '' > Middle Allegheny River along length! Interpreting hydrographs and NWS watch, warnings, and forecasts, and inundation maps, Survey grade GPS equipment, FEMA flood plain maps, newer USGS topographic maps, Older USGS topographic maps, NGVD29 benchmarks, Older USGS topographic maps, MSL benchmarks. Wind Speed PAmusky is correct. Recognizing the interdependence of life and the physical environment. Mike Debes, a floodplain manager with the Army Corps, says . Others followed a path pioneered by the Mohawks and became structural steelworkers, travelling to distant cities for periods of time to help build bridges and skyscrapers. (gauge height = 0) Elevation. at | Filming & amp ; Production | Technical Specs each Day, the 25-Mile elongated LAKE fills 100. The danger was acute, for at any time one or all of the disaffected Iroquois groups, under the influence of the British, could join the Ohio country Indians in an allout, catastrophic: war on the settlers. Nun's Priest Tale Article, Newspapers began to publicize the Senecas plight, and angry congressmen claimed that the engineers had misled them, that they had not been informed about the treaty. In creating the Allegheny Reservoir behind Kinzua Dam, the army engineers gutted the Seneca Indians' reservation, drowning approximately 10,000 acres of the Indians' only habitable land, which ran along the Allegheny River, and deliberately breaking an Indian treaty in order to do so. Pay closer attention to what you are still doing to us. The Allegany Reservoir in Onoville attracts tourists from all across New York and Pennsylvania. Artigo Por ; Data do artigo Por ; Data do artigo Por ; Data do artigo roadmap status template super! 678-538-1200 Longitude: 79.002778 W, Mountain Biking The Long House, characteristic lodging of the Iroquois, also described their political union in which each Iroquois nation remained sovereignty under a common roof which sheltered them all. In consultation with all interested parties there will be four (4) releases of 8000 . Pickerings mission was successful: on November 11, 1794, he signed a treaty with fifty-nine sachems and war chiefs, inducting Cornplanter, Fish Carrier, Red jacket, Half Town, and Handsome Lake for the Senecas, establishing what was to be a permanent peace between the United States and the different Iroquois tribes. Kinzua Dam, July 2015.jpg. Scroll down to find out more about the activities available on the reservoir. The third tract, an area known since before the Revolution as The Burnthouse, totalled approximately 908 acres and was on the western bank of the Allegheny about three miles south of the New York state line. Only a few private landowners exist on the New York shoreline. Insisting that a small, sixty-five-acre tract for recreation was essential to the success of the Kinzua Dam project would have been farcical had it not been so unhappy for the Indians. at Joined May 4, 2010 Messages 2,515 . Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Releases listed on the schedules are only estimates and can vary from the values listed. Platforms are available at Elijah and Webbs Ferry boat launches. "The reservoir's discharge amount is set so we can maintain a downstream water level in Natrona," Gottlieb said. Please leave all glass containers in your car, they are not allowed on the river. The nasty water conditions won't change soon, as the Corps slowly releases excess water from the Kinzua Dam. Kiasutha, Allegheny National Forest - Recreation.gov Lush green forest surrounds the 7,647-acre reservoir that spans the border between Pennsylvania and New York. And most importantly how safe is it to be on the river today? Forecasts take into account past precipitation and the precipitation amounts expected approximately 48 hours into the future from the forecast issuance time. Choose how often to be notified of your threshold exceedance. There is a short, steep stairwell to rock outcropping and an overlook of the reservoir. Published by at February 16, 2022. The COE then provides TVA with a total generation amount that corresponds to the amount of water they want to release from the dam the . $ 40.00 ( cloth ), ISBN 978 -- 8032-1282-4 i seen the may! The kinzua dam releases for fishing grounds. Will I be hitting the rocks in the shoals? Examples of when to dial 911 are for missing person, fire, physical altercation, or injury. The great Cornplanter, perhaps, now rests beneath the waters of the reservoir. .. . The Kinzua Dam is one of the largest dams east of the Mississippi River. endstream endobj 22 0 obj <>stream at Route 59 along the Allegheny Reservoir in the Alleheny National Forest. if a site's report ing interval is every four hours, you will receive a notification only every four hours. From May 1 st through Columbus Day in October, the daily release will be a minimum of 4800 cfs, 10am to 1 pm. Always wear appropriate footwear. Allegheny Guide Service - Musky Fishing on the Allegheny Upcoming Events - Kinzua | Camping | Pennsylvania The Kinzua Dam has cast a long shadow on Seneca life since World War II. These reports . Allegheny National Forest Vacation Region, Pennsylvania Great Outdoors Visitor Bureau. Sandy Springs Please do not feed the fish. The trail passes near the Handsome Lake Boat-to/hike-to Campground, Hopewell Boat Access Campground, Pine Grove Boat Access Campground, Red Bridge Recreation Area and Willow Bay Recreation Area. 1341 ft. Interpreting hydrographs and NWS watch, warnings, and forecasts, and inundation maps. Cornplanter and the Genesee River Senecas found their country in ruins and moved to the Allegheny River settlements along the New York-Pennsylvania border. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Two major applications of silica-fume concrete within the Corps of Engi-neers were to repair abrasion-erosion damage in the stilling basin at Kinzua Dam and in the concrete lining of the low-flow channel, Los Angeles River. But in scores of ways, hopes that the Indians had once held high were still unrealized. . Whether by their own ignorance or by the withholding of information from Congress, the engineers had maneuvered Congress into a position of voting, in the 1950s, to break still another Indian treaty, which it had the constitutional, if not the moral, right to do. Cornplanter, Can You Swim? | AMERICAN HERITAGE Many of the proBritish Senecas joined Brant at Fort Niagara. Launch Point . That was in 1967, and although Congress has so far failed to act on the Senecas termination, it may do so at any time.). The relocation to the site across the river, which began on August 26, was attended by threats, rumors, and charges. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock LockA locked padlock leave young wildlife where you find them. kinzua dam release schedule - idema.org The history of the Kinzua Dam and Allegheny Reservoir submerges many truths. Other amenities include fire pits, grills, heat and electric. Others formed a large permanent settlement at Buffalo Creek. On Monday, Kayak Pittsburgh Downtown, under the Roberto Clemente Bridge in Pittsburgh, shut down kayak rentals on the Allegheny because of the rivers high flow rate. United States. For website corrections, write to CELRP-PA@usace.army.mil. The National Weather Service prepares its forecasts and other services in collaboration with agencies like the US Geological Survey, US Bureau of Reclamation, US Army Corps of Engineers, Natural Resource Conservation Service, National Park Service, ALERT Users Group, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and many state and local emergency managers across the country. The Senecas have not yet decided whether the plan is economically feasible. . - Sat. Seven POINTS LAUNCH 5 FISH / 15 & quot ; Kinzua dam release! For the Buford Dam water release schedule call 770-945-1466, or toll free at 1-855-DAM-FLOW (1-855-326-3569), Or visit their Hydropower Generating Schedule website for release times and amounts for the current day. at At a gala luncheon in the local high school after the ceremonies at the dam, a quartet of girls known as The Kinzua Damsels entertained Governor William Scranton and the other guests with the song This Is My Country. And in California, Montana, Alaska, and elsewhere, the Army Corps of Engineers was already threatening other Indian tribes with plans for more Kinzuas. at Under The Cornplanter, whom they elected as their war leader and whom the British commissioned as a captain, the western Senecas from the Genesee and Allegheny valleys conducted raids against American posts and settlements. Subscribe to EnviroFlash and after you choose the type and frequency of service you want, EnviroFlash will be sent to your email or cell phone as specified. The trail leads to Morrison Campground, a boat access located on Kinzua Bay of the Allegheny Reservoir. Lightweight, quick-drying clothing is adequate in the summer. The Allegheny National Forest covers nearly half a million acres and is populated primarily with black cherry, maple and other hardwoods. Water data back to 1956 are available online. New ranch-type homes of varying designs were built during the wet and wintry months, in two tightly compressed areas that totalled 500 acres. For more information about the types of plants and trees you may see on the Allegheny: Areas for Barometer The Senecas whom the engineers confronted in the 1950#8217;s were descendants of the westernmost of the five confederated Iroquois tribes who for numerous centuries had occupied present-day upper New York state from Lake Champlain to the Genesce River. Cabin Rentals kinzua dam water release schedule | Future Property Exhibiitons at The river has a reputation for less than healthy water quality. Behind it, the resulting Allegheny Reservoir stretches 27 miles long and 120 feet deep. HVn0+xb9[S hbbd``b`$WH4 ff$X3Ab> HD{vLA00"0 tx Considering the amount of land and the number of Indian families involved, however, none of these incursions matched the assault which the army engineers made on the Senecas Allegany Reservation and the Cornplanter grant. There are several locations around the reservoir where visitors can view the reservoir and surrounding forest. kinzua dam water release schedule. About the Dam. 0. They have not used it yet, and probably will never use it. Radiation Protection Ppt Slideshare, 50 years of flood control, power and recreation. The most common is Mountain Laurel, the Pennsylvania state flower. at (gauge height = 0) Elevation. Falling back on the 1794 treaty, which promised that the United States would never claim the Senecas land and guaranteed that it should be theirs until they chose to sell it, the Indians, in a case against the Secretary of the Army, now sought to halt construction of the Kinzua project, hoping to force the adoption, instead, of the Morgan plan. This new religion, which still permeates Iroquois life, has been described as a blending of old Seneca beliefs with an ethical code borrowed largely from the Quakers. 31 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[18 19]/Info 17 0 R/Length 73/Prev 68170/Root 19 0 R/Size 37/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Let a family member or friend know your plans. Water conditions on the Chattahoochee River are influenced on a daily basis by water releases from Buford Dam and Morgan Falls Dam. Water data back to 1956 are available online. Norris. the Corps of Engineers has never intended to do anything whatsoever with regard to the Seneca Indians, and they have intended from the very beginning to treat this as just any other dam and leave the Indians only their recourse in the courts., On August 31, 1964, after months ot disagreement between the House and Senate over how much to pay the Senecasa disagreement caused to some extent by the corpss influence in urging the Senate to cut down the original House figures and not pay the Indians except via the usual court proceedingsCongress passed a $15,000,573 reparations bill for the Senecas. Visit https://www.weather.gov/owp/operations for access to new EXPERIMENTAL products and services from the National Water Center: National Hydrologic Discussion, Area Hydrologic Discussion, Flood Hazard Outlook and the National Water Center Visualization Services, a suite of geospatial services depicting River Forecast Center and National Water Model information. In 1954, when the St. Lawrence Seaway was under construction, its builders wanted to place some of their facilities on the Si. The site grew into a village originally called Hemlock but renamed for Don Jose Salamanca Mayel, a large stockholder in the Erie Railroad. The campground has flush and vault toilets, pressurized water fountains, hot showers, dump station, paved roads and parking spurs. Before it hits NY. Information you should knowbeforetubingwith a motorized boaton the Allegheny Reservoir: Areas for Remain vigilant of dam releases, as waters can rise rapidly! To the corps, it seems, land is land, no matter who lives on it. WYS, adjusted end dates on STAT_SUMM table; USGS Water Services (waterservices.usgs.gov) Ground water service - Records with duplicate time zone corrections fixed. Things you should know before paddling on the reservoir: Motorized boats are limited to slow, no wake speed in some areas. The reservoir water level and water surface is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. ,Sitemap,Sitemap, PO Box 8196 is the approximate location based on the latitude/longitude coordinates The power plant, rated at 451 MW, was built by the Pennsylvania Electric Companyand Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. Categories . Access is by boat only. But when their nose catches some of the aromas along the river they really become concerned. River and Stream Fishing Apparently you have become so calloused and so crass that the breaking of the oldest treaty that the United States has is a matter of little concern to you. Clarendon, PA 16313. Region: Pennsylvania Wilds. To support these recreation activities, TVA maintains enough water flow to support fish and other aquatic life, and it provides scheduled releases for eight TVA dams so that paddlers will know when they can count on whitewater flows below the dams. Hardened trails provide visitors access to the overlook, as well as several large boulders and house-sized rocks. In ensuing years, the burial of Cornplanter and his followers and descendants on the same grounds added to the grants significance, a fact acknowledged by the state of Pennsylvania in 1866 when it erected the stone monument over Cornplanters grave. Two hundred and eighty-three years after William Penn had signed his famous treaty, Pennsylvania lost the last of its Indians. Kinzua Dam Water Level. at On April 21, Bowen followed up the suggestion and wrote to Colonel Hammer, telling him that OHopps alternative proposals did not reflect a clear understanding of the needs and desires of the Cornplanter descendants, and then explaining in detail why the Indians wished to retain the Weber tract. Assuming that the engineers would keep them informed, the Indians once more let them make their studies. kinzua dam water release schedule curriculum of realism in education June 29, 2022. dynamic planet science olympiad 2021 quizlet . Visibility Allegheny Reservoir, Areas for Kinzua Dam was formally dedicated on September 16, 1966. Republic Day Shayari; Republic Day Quotes; Republic Day Whatsapp Status; Republic Day Wishes; Republic Day SMS; Valentine Week. For 70 years, American Heritage has been the leading magazine of U.S. history, politics, and culture. Anglers are reminded to have their 2020 PA Fishing License (Age 16 years of age or older) and a Trout / Salmon permit (if required) before venturing to the water. More than two decades before the Revolution broke out, a group of Americans voted on a scheme to unite the colonies. Have an action plan for inclement weather and act on it before it's too late! canoes, kayaks, rafts, boats, float tubes, inner tubes, air mattresses). There are no FEMA National Flood Hazard Layers for the location which you are viewing on ESRI Maps. This would likely increase flooding downstream. Examples of when to dial 911 are for missing person, fire, physical altercation, or injury. 5 rose by 5.7 feet from Friday to Sunday. Areas for Boaters beware: High waters on Allegheny River from Kinzua to Kinzua Dam is located 6 miles east of Warren, PA along Route 59. The Allegheny River with high brown water in Millvale on July 19, 2021. On May 28, in reply to another telegraphed appeal from Bowen, Colonel Hammer let the Cornplanter leader know that there was nothing more to discuss about the Weber property and that the Army had already instituted eminent-domain proceedings. It was on the west side of the river, close to the old grant and contiguous to the southern boundary of the Allegany Reservation. Will allow selective withdrawal to accommodate Corps seasonal water temperature release operations which are influenced by stratification! Pittsburgh District > Missions > Recreation - Kinzua Dam Release Dates (1) Also Known As (AKA) (2) Release Dates USA 29 October 2017 (TV premiere) Also Known As (AKA) (original title) Lake of Betrayal: The Story of Kinzua Dam: USA (working title) Lake of Betrayal: See also. Check for water conditions from the U.S. Geological Survey website or a local outfitter, she said. Download Investigation Of Release Temperatures For Kinzua What Is Affinity And Anti Affinity Rules In Vmware. Hammer did not show up, and instead of talking about the Weber tract, Hunter seemed anxious to pressure the Indians into acceptance of the use of an alternative site across the river. If you're planning to be on the river today then check out the River Flow Rate! A 38-site campground with shoreline campsites, picnic tables and fire rings, vault toilets and a self-service fee station. Looking do. In 1974, discontent arose among many of the Iroquois over increased pressure from the settlers. The engineers had too many friends on Capitol Hill, and there was no one strong enough to induce the bureaucratic wheels within the corps to reverse themselves. preserve habitat by following "leave no trace" principles. Then, on August 23, 1963, the Senecas were given a sixty-five-acre tract above the level of the reservoir by the family of Latham B. Weber, publisher of the Salamanca. Backpacking Through sources other than the Corps of Engineers, however, the Senecas began to learn of the plan for the dam, and by 1955, when the engineers again appeared before the Seneca council to ask permission to continue their surveys on the reservation, the Indians were nervous.
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